Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer begins when cells in one or both ovaries start growing abnormally and form tumors. The ovaries, located on each side of the uterus, serve two main functions: releasing eggs each month and producing hormones like estrogen and progesterone. When cancer develops there, it can spread to nearby structures in the pelvis and abdomen before causing noticeable symptoms.

That's what makes ovarian cancer particularly challenging to catch early. The symptoms — bloating, pelvic discomfort, feeling full quickly, frequent urination — are common and easy to attribute to less serious conditions. There is currently no standard screening test recommended for women at average risk, which is why about 75 percent of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, when the cancer has already spread.

There are several types, with epithelial ovarian cancer (which begins in the cells lining the ovary) being the most common. Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a strong family history, or certain other genetic conditions face a higher lifetime risk. For these women, conversations with a genetic counselor and a gynecologic oncologist can help map out a personalized monitoring and prevention plan.

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancers in the United States, largely because so many cases are found late. But when it is detected at an early stage, survival rates are substantially higher. This is why awareness of the symptoms — persistent bloating, pelvic pain, changes in eating habits or urination — matters. If something feels off and doesn't resolve within a few weeks, it's worth discussing with your doctor.

For women with known risk factors, risk-reducing surgery (removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes) has been shown to significantly lower the likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. Research into better screening tools is ongoing, and advances in treatment — including targeted therapies for BRCA-related cancers — are improving outcomes for women who are diagnosed.